Pt. I: a flash history of Iran by Nyusha (‘orphan of the revolution’); an epic piece of work by storify, full of artwork, images, archival documents and photos. Some of the tweets have some of the same text as one above it, but I reckon you may get used to breezing by what’s doubled-up. Hint: different font sizes.
Iran is a multiethnic multireligious nation in Central Asia that is millennia-old, with many scientific discoveries, the richest poetic canon of the region, that was once the Persian Empire, then a gateway through the Silk Road, and an opponent of the Ottoman Empire. pic.twitter.com/Ly9y5qUBef
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
Iran was a Sunni-dominant nation until conflict with Ottoman Empire—when Iran was Safavid empire—converted to Shiism to distinguish itself. Shiism is minority sect of Islam (around 9% globally) split off in early Islamic History when successor of Prophet was meant to be named. pic.twitter.com/zArz5OaawS
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
Shiism for Iran—& other Shi’as—is a religion of “revolutionary mourning” because of events in Karbala when Prophet’s grandson, one of Shi’a imams, was massacred along many. It is a strong image in political rhetoric of Shi’a leaders.
‘Every day is Ashura, every land is Karbala.’ pic.twitter.com/4bf4GhDR68
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
Poetry is extremely significant in the Iranian body politic because it is embedded in the development of the Persian language & others pre- & post-Arab occupation of Iran during the Islamic conquest. All Iranians learn the poetic maxims growing up. It’s integrated in nationalism. pic.twitter.com/BFVPyyyAQG
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
QAJAR—19c Iran, Qajars were a Turkic group that established 1st dynasty in early modern period. Early modern is a historic signification for pre-modern period wherein empires were defined by loose trading conglomerates & not imperialism, w/o scientific modernity & nation-states. pic.twitter.com/RrakAGQEtG
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
The breakdown of the Ottoman Empire was significant in the confessional identification of religious sect, genocide, the formation of the nation-state with the European Imperial import of modernity & the emergence of the settler-colonial Turkish state through the Young Turks. pic.twitter.com/yxRlgn2QpD
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
Iran existed under Qajars as small isolated tribes run by low level chiefs—a nation that was a geopolitical hotspot in constant conflict w Russia, because of its location for trade & control of Caucasian nations. Outcome of Russo-Persian wars was Treaty of Gulistan & Turkmenchay. pic.twitter.com/OVMjspNrEz
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
The creation of civil society pre-nation state formation occurred with the Constitutional Revolution from 1905-11. Radicals, ulemma class (religious clerics), bazaar merchants (small shops) organized against Dynasty’s involvement in British & Russian capital, all for diff reasons pic.twitter.com/ftnkOjXXxA
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
The triumphs of the Constitutional Revolution were weak but foundational—namely in establishing the first Majlis (legislative council), reforms in tax and treasury, establishment of 1906 Constitution, some freeing up from Russian influence, radical movements in Tabriz. pic.twitter.com/cDty7FnkMz
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
This period saw the emergence of communism in Iran, precursing Iran being largest communist force in region, with influence of the success of 1917 Russian Revolution. Jangali (Jungle) movement of Gilan was a workers' guerilla movement, briefly established Soviet Republic of Gilan pic.twitter.com/Ton1je5aRA
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
PAHLAVI—a young general rose up the ranks named Reza Khan and enacted the 1921 Persian coup d'état directed by the British against the Qajars establishing the Pahlavi dynasty, naming himself Reza Shah, ‘shah’ meaning king in Persian. He eliminated the revolutionary Jangalis. pic.twitter.com/fmM4o7rD4l
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
Reza Shah is now a disputed figure amongst Iranian scholars of nationalist history, because he was connected with European colonialist powers and largely influenced by Atatürk in promoting modernist nationalist ideals, an ethno-supremacist, but also a strong modernizing force. pic.twitter.com/87MFypx1Bg
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
By pushing modernization reforms in 1920s/30s, the creation of modern Iranian nation-state & Persian or Iranian nationalism occurred. Modernization reforms included semi-secularization, banning of Islamic veil for women, Trans-Iranian Railway, and Persian linguistic supremacy. pic.twitter.com/A3Jympet2i
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
Iran was a nation with Azeri Turks, Sunni Arabs, Baloch, Kurds, Lor, etc. so Persian supremacy was a swift violent shift against minorities. American/French/British missionaries who had established girls’ & boys’ schools were forcibly removed in favour of nationalized schools. pic.twitter.com/qnQYILlhXD
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
Female graduates of these schools, in particular, pushed petty bourgeois ideals of feminism & women’s rights influenced by their Western missionary teachers which, to a lesser extent, influenced Reza Shah’s modernization reforms for family & divorce law & violent removal of hijab pic.twitter.com/B0vgjLzBXS
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
Once WWII started, Reza Shah took a neutral stance, although he appreciated Hitler's Aryan race mythology because Iranians are Aryans & Iran means Land of the Aryans. He lessened trade w Germany due to Allied demands. Soviets & British invaded Iran in Operation Countenance 1941. pic.twitter.com/m2A9DLZgiy
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
Shah's military was modernized but not rapidly enough to combat Anglo-Soviet forces. Shah was abdicated & replaced by his son Mohammad Reza Shah, who was young & weak at the time. Purpose of abdication was to establish Persian Corridor & funnel arms through Azerbaijan into USSR. pic.twitter.com/ZUZk7j1iqZ
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
During both WWI and WWII Iran suffered massive famines due to British forces. Maybe around 1/3 of the population died, around 10 million, each time. Although, it is hard to say since it is not a well-studied incident. https://t.co/PR9t6mXsVThttps://t.co/H41uz8WRdq pic.twitter.com/0sT9C4fW41
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
UK also invaded Khuzestan, a southern oil-rich province, which was a crucial historical moment for the establishment of British neo-colonial influence in Iran. It is appropriate to say Iran was SEMI-colonized by UK for few decades, even using Indian colonial subjects to invade. pic.twitter.com/AJCOqlw7TT
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
1946 Azerbaijan crisis was 2nd battle of ColdWar (after Greece) w USSR backed Azerbaijan/Kurdistan & UK/US-backed Iran military. Stalin had "little faith in Iran's revolutionary potential" due to weak Qajar decentralization, but supported until withdrawal https://t.co/EsGE3DQ2pn pic.twitter.com/dmEL8dsDmW
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
The results of the Cold War machinations were many: a rush between powers to control or influence Iran in a prime regional location, the development of communist parties & radical forces, the total occupation of the South by British forces, no Iranian say in their wealth of oil. pic.twitter.com/lgesdLwVrr
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
After assassination attempt on Shah in '49, he strengthened Assembly in his favour, reconvened defunct Senate of 1906 Constitution. Mohammad Mossadegh, a young politician & Const Revolutionary viewed this as undemocratic & rallied opposition support in form of the National Front. pic.twitter.com/jgQ8Br9Dgy
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
National Front was a coalition of students, progressives, communists from Tudeh esp. Oil nationalization, out of the hands of the British, was their main policy. They won majority Majlis seats and appointed Mossadegh as prime minister. Shah didn't recognize Mossadegh popularity. pic.twitter.com/uP1x8coQva
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
Once Mossadegh became prime minister in 1951, demonstrations sparked in celebration. In May 1952, Mossadegh nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, expropriating its assets, passing Land Reform to force 20% landlord revenues to tenants, using it to pay for public development. pic.twitter.com/UAY6yRrT91
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
Britain sanctioned Iran & blockaded Abadan in the oil-rich south with warships. Mossadegh resisted & became largely popular for Iranians, one of the most popular leaders in Iranian history, and an integral symbol in the internationalist movement during the Cold War. pic.twitter.com/sd2VXi9c8J
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
Britain began funnelling tens of thousands £ into counterrevoluionary forces—namely the royalist Rashidian brothers—in a hope to oppose Mossadegh. An estimated 80% of Tehran newspapers at time were CIA-controlled to show Mossadegh as a communist fanatic (he was not communist). pic.twitter.com/k2MXSmiSSI
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
In a 1952 issuing of new cabinet, Mossadegh insisted on constitutional right of PM instead of Shah to name Minister of War & Chief of Staff. Paranoid Shah rejected Mossadegh popular power & Mossadegh resigned. Strikes erupted across the country & Bazaars shut down on Siyeh-i Tir pic.twitter.com/IsBFExa4mA
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
1953 CIA/MI6 COUP—Operation Ajax: hugely significant historical juncture along w 1906+79 Revolutions. US Secretary of State Dean Acheson, Churchill, Eisenhower see Mossadegh's oil nationalization a threat & increasing threat of communist power in Iran through political unrest. pic.twitter.com/SuBmOctcZI
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
Nyusha @gole_yaas May 9 All CIA documents are available on https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/home … regarding the CIA plan to overthrow the democratic Prime Minister of Iran Mossadegh. MI6 has not released their documents yet, but it does not matter: the evidence is clear, “Through legal, or quasi-legal” methods.
Nyusha @gole_yaas May 9 The CIA mantra given to the protesters “Zendebad Shah,” Long Live the King, was successful and the Shah deposed of Mossadegh permanently, because Roosevelt said they would get rid of Mossadegh regardless. Roosevelt engineered more protests in favour of it. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB435/docs/Doc%204%20-%20CIA%20-%20Zendebad%20Shah%20-%202000%20release.PDF …
The Rashidian brothers, mentioned earlier, along with other Royalists in power, the former Minister of Interior Zahedi, and Roosevelt's tanks, invaded Mossadegh's house. He was arrested. Zahedi took power in government. Oil Nationalization ended & oil became available to US/UK. pic.twitter.com/ASolEwD2eW
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
Mossadegh's allies were tried, imprisoned, executed, including his closest associate, Minister of Foreign Affairs. Mossadegh was given death sentence, he said "Verdict of this court has increased my historical glories." Instead, he was put under house arrest until his death 1967. pic.twitter.com/rGABjcyJlW
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
It's important to understand how BRUTAL & SIGNIFICANT CIA overthrow of popular Mossadegh was globally & domestically. Iranians, to this day, haven't forgotten awful impact US had in development of their sovereignty & democracy. It influenced Non-Aligned Movement & '79 Revolution. pic.twitter.com/eRicmEhZ2R
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
But the public who supported Mossadegh did not support the Shah. So he began a slow brutal underground crackdown of political dissenters, university students, National Front, with the help of the CIA-created secret police SAVAK “Organization of National Intelligence and Security" pic.twitter.com/iTSRwLGv0S
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 9, 2018
Nyusha @gole_yaas May 9 SAVAK was trained by the Israeli MOSSAD and Mohammad Reza Shah supported Israel openly in 1959 by allowing an Israeli trade office to open in Tehran. SAVAK censored media, tortured dissidents, and political organizing became effectively illegal—stark contrast with Mossadegh era.
WHITE REVOLUTION—1963 Mohammad Reza Shah instates 6-point land reform, created through Ford Foundation developmental economists, new type of Econ established to ‘develop 3rd world nations.’ The reforms cause such a rapid influx to Tehran that massive slums are formed on outskirts pic.twitter.com/aUG8XX7TKW
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 10, 2018
There were some improvements in terms of addressing disease & literacy, however on the whole the White Revolution was a failure. The Shah intended social approval, but it resulted in wide social rejection. Working class and particularly ulemma class, who lost land, organized. pic.twitter.com/h8Hfn3H40q
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 10, 2018
KHOMEINI—ulemma class, a strong social force of clerics, rejected White Revolution. On Ashura 1963, an emergent dissident cleric named Ruhollah Khomeini gave a political sermon in Qom denouncing the Shah and calling him a “wretched, miserable man,” demanding he change his ways. pic.twitter.com/mWouD8oL1W
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 10, 2018
After this speech, the Shah arrested Khomeini in Qom and transferred him to Tehran. This sparked massive protests against the Shah in defense of Khomeini, called the 15 Khordad Uprising. SAVAK murdered hundreds of protesters. Khomeini was released from prison one year later. pic.twitter.com/2XDhgIZ54p
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 10, 2018
VELAYATE FAQIH—Upon release, Khomeini denounces both Shah & USA. Shah exiles him to Najaf, Iraq. He is in exile for 14 years. During this time he develops the Shi’a theory of “Velayate Faqih,” which is an Islamic jurisprudence system wherein the government functions as vanguard. pic.twitter.com/oDNXYmwK5I
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 10, 2018
FOROUGH FARROKHZAD—1960s was period of political dissent/social organization/cultural production. Forough Farrokhzad represented the intersection w her political poems—pioneer in poems abt social decay, feminism, sex. This poem abt society corrupt by Shah: https://t.co/ZqmMnMkH7B pic.twitter.com/2jZovXa3mh
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 10, 2018
OPULENCE—The Shah mismanaged the public’s money through extravagant expensive coronations. He gave himself the title “The King of Kings.” He paid a huge sum of money for a 2,500-year anniversary for Cyrus The Great of the Persian Empire, in an archaic articulation of History. pic.twitter.com/TckaCKSZ88
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 10, 2018
NIXON—Cold War Nixon-Shah (also Kissinger) relationship is important to understanding what sparks up 1979 Revolution. 1969 Nixon Doctrine: "the United States would assist in the defense and developments of allies and friends,” Shah saw this as opportunity to receive arms from US. pic.twitter.com/8i0N5CkCAj
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 10, 2018
VIETNAMIZATION—Nixon agreed to supporting Shah financially, vehemently opposed Iranian opponents of the Shah, facilitated Shah in OPEC, monitored emergent Shatt-al-Arab Iran-Iraq border dispute, aided in Bahrain/Iran islands, support Israel. French was now Lingua Franca of Iran. pic.twitter.com/C2TZ5rwd10
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 10, 2018
Nyusha @gole_yaas May 10 ARAB-ISRAELI OIL EMBARGO—1973 Arab-Israel War: Egypt & Syria ally against Israel over illegally-occupied Sinai & Golan Heights. Ends in UN ceasefire. Arab World proclaims oil embargo against all Israel supporters. Oil prices up 470%—US buys oil from Iran instead—Iran GDP up 50%.
Sudden LARGE influx of capital in Iran from oil had huge impacts on Shah’s rule & Iran’s economy: massive inflation, corruption, bottlenecks, shortages, 1975 recession, unemployment. Influx of construction workers in Tehran slums, Brain Drain of petty bourgeois to West unis. pic.twitter.com/Mdn8KybYgL
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 10, 2018
IRAQI KURDISTAN—Iraqi-Irani dispute 1970s: Shah asks Kissinger to arm Iraqi Kurdish militias commanded by Barzani against Saddam, to the benefit of Iran. White House smuggles $16 million+ to Iraqi Kurdistan. Shah changes his mind. Many Kurds are massacred, 200,000+ flee to Iran. pic.twitter.com/qqZDGRf6RE
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 10, 2018
Nyusha @gole_yaas May 10 RASTAKHIZ PARTY—1975 Shah abolishes 2-party system, establishes corrupt 1-party, Rastakhiz (Resurgence) Party: “We must straighten out Iranian ranks. To do so, we divide them into 2 categories: those who believe in Monarchy or those related to the outlawed Tudeh Party, traitors.”
All last 19 tweets from MOHAMMAD REZA SHAH on are the *immediate* causes of 1979 Revolution. Larger causes are the Cold War Context, the 1953 CIA/MI6 Coup, the 1940s Anglo Occupation of Iran, the 1906 Constitutional Revolution, the development of a strong ulemma & bazaar class. pic.twitter.com/4QFOliz5Cu
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 10, 2018
if you click the tweet above, you can see the rest of her flash history(53 more tweets); it’s longish, but full of more archival photos, the ‘fall of the shah’, return of khomeini, jimmy (I never bombed any nation as prez! ‘) carter’s confused policy, the Iran hostages…and more.
HOSTAGE CRISIS—To this point, Carter had not made any particular stance on Khomeini, but friendly. 22Oct—Shah’s admission to USA sparks anti-Americanism in Iran. Nov—US embassy in Iran occupied demanding US returns Shah for fair trial. 4Nov—500 students take 52 Americans hostage. pic.twitter.com/BYSZWVrsax
— Nyusha (@gole_yaas) May 13, 2018
My thanks to Nyusha, who writes at medium.com/@nyushasamiei
the Wiki on the evils of SAVAK.
and in deep contrast, the poem ‘I Pity the Garden’ by Forugh Farrokhzad Nyusha had linked to above.
In one day. Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi defeated the combined powers of Britain and the USSR!
Ha ha ha ha ha.
Later, the Shahanshah fled to Rome in order to depose Mossadegh. From there he commanded
So fucking clever! Ha ha ha ha.
Later, the West blew so much smoke up Shahanshah’s ass that the thought he was the reincarnation of Cyrus! Meanwhile, Farrokhzad laments the Persia alienated by crapitalist modernity. Which hospital would tend their garden?
The Greeks had Icarus killed for going after the sun, i.e. you’re responsible for your striving and failure. OTOH, the Hindus spared Sampati:
In the crapitalist version, you must be the shields incinerated when they fly too high.
Alright; great stuff/history here.
Persians invented chess, by the way.
I’m already quite literate re: Persia thanks to the U.S. hegemon. History has been front and center for 2+ decades. Thanks wd
V
i’d known some of it, but a lot was new to me, so good on you. awesome storify she’s created, though; whoooosh. now that you mention it, i do remember reading that persians had invented chess.
i particularly like the safavid dynasty from 1501 to 1722 (wiki) art period; i stuck in an extra one at the top. guess we’ll stay tuned for what unfolds as to war on iran…or war by other means. that the US just sold a shit-ton of bunker buster bombs to sunni-ruled bahrain (85% shi’ia, home of the US navy’s 5th fleet) doesn’t bode well.
doesn’t smell right to me…portraying putin as bibi’s lapdog.
“It was not immediately clear which foreign troops Mr. Putin referred to, as Russia, Iran, the United States and other nations have forces in the country. Mr. Putin said such a withdrawal would be part of a settlement of the country’s long civil war.
Both Iran and Russian forces are fighting on Mr. Assad’s side in Syria. If Mr. Putin was pointing to Iran’s military presence in Syria — which this month flared into an exchange of hostilities with Israel — his comment could suggest a Russian role in preventing Iran from becoming entrenched there.
Mr. Putin noted that the Syrian Army had won “significant victories and successes” in the war, according to the Tass news agency, and attention should turn to humanitarian aid and a political settlement.
“With the start of a political process in its more active phase, foreign armed forces will be withdrawn from the territory of the Syrian Arab Republic,” Mr. Putin said.”
I thought about posting a translation of something from Forough Farrokhzad, but all the translations I could find are junk, except a couple in Italian…
Io non parlo di sussurri timorosi nel buio,
Io parlo di luce del giorno e di finestre aperte,
Di aria fresca,
Di un forno nel quale bruciano cose inutili,
Di terra resa fertile con un’altra coltura,
Di nascita, di evoluzione, di orgoglio.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forough_Farrokhzad
thank you for the wiki link; lots of good information there. she died young (32) in a car crash, my stars. well i only know six word in italian, but that one rolls off one’s tongue like a river, doesn’t it? it really may be the most poetic language i know.
(sheesh; i had to log in again…twice this week. is this site tryin’ to tll me something?)